Prostitution Should Be Illegal in Canada Essay - 1583 Words

In Canadian law, buying or selling sexual services within Canada is considered legal. However, this controversial topic has raised discussions between people because of the possibilities of illegal activities inside the world of prostitution. From reading the newspapers to hearing it on the television, we know nothing good ever comes out of prostitution because of the exposure to the risky businesses and dangerous people. Prostitutes engages in a number of dangerous harmful activities such as taking drugs, rape, emotional and physical abuse, and the worst case scenario is death. In this thesis paper, I’ll be discussing the main points and arguments as to why prostitution should have been illegal to begin with and why Canada should†¦show more content†¦But in Canada, any type of public communications for the purpose of having sex, in other words procuring in Section 213 of the Criminal Code of Canada, is against the prostitution law. If that’s not enough to ban the existence of pimps, the complex relationship between the pimp and the prostitute can turn possessive and abusive as time goes on. The pimp’s approach in stabilizing the relationship is by psychological intimidation, manipulation, long hours of starvation, any type of rape, severe beatings, small confinements, force them to take drugs, death threats towards the prostitute’s family, and etc. Although, the prostitutes had agreed to sexual services in order to support either themselves or fund their drug addiction, they are not doing this for the sake of pleasure but to earn fast money. In most cases, women are under the control of the pimp and most often could not defend themselves alone and must submit to the pimp’s wishes in order to survive. Pimps can be charged with an applicable offence that includes sexual assault, uttering threats, intimidation, and forcible confinement. A ‘missing people’ article dated back in April of 2000 reported a pimp named Barry Thomas Niedermier, 43, had something to do with 27 prostitutes that were missing in Vancouver, British Columbia. He has a bad history with the law, once involving himself pimping a 14Show MoreRelatedProstitution Between Canada And Canada1712 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution in Canada: Changes in Legislation Due to the fairly recent changes regarding the legality of prostitution in Canada, individuals who use and provide these services have been cautious (Warnica, 2015). Unfortunately, new laws may create more problems than benefits, such as, financial problems due to fewer people buying sex because it is illegal to do so. In this paper, I will explicate and assess the new changes to the law regarding prostitution in Canada, arguing that prostitution shouldRead MoreProstitution Article On Prostitution Laws1640 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution Laws in Canada Karlene Wright November 19, 2014 Prostitution Laws in Canada Introduction Prostitution is considered by many to be the oldest profession. Throughout civilization many society have had to address the issue of prostitution. Canada is a nation renown for promoting the advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women for the circumstances in which they find themselves. The prostitution laws in Canada showsRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1440 Words   |  6 Pageslegal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibition and lastly rehabilitation. It is believed that because of these three legal approaches that is why prostitution is still around andRead MoreShould Prostitution Laws Be Legal?1304 Words   |  6 PagesMost people morally oppose the profession of prostitution because they consider it to be a taboo. While others believe that it is their right and personal freedom to choose what to do with their life and body. Recently, the debate about how laws should address prostitution legally has become a subject of legislative action. Prostitution itself is not a criminal offence under the Constitution, but there are certain laws under the Criminal Code that discourage it and makes it unlawful. For exampleRead MoreThe Ethics Of Prostitution Throughout Canada1671 Words   |  7 PagesIndeep Kular Professor Victoria Burke Social Issues- PHLB05H3 November 6, 2015 The Ethics of Prostitution in Canada The practice or work of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment is known as prostitution. Although some may frown upon it, it is an honest occupation and a source of income for numerous women in Canada. The woman’s perspective in this field should be emphasized and considered to be most important. There are various reasons women make the decision to be a part of such aRead MoreThe Criminal Code And Prostitution1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe Criminal Code and Prostitution in Canada: A Historical Overview Prostitution has always been a topic of contention and controversy in Canada and other counties. Due to various perspectives on how prostitution should be addressed through law, the legal status of prostitution varies from country to country. Prostitution itself has always been legal in Canada, however many activities tied to it have been strategically criminalized by prostitution laws. Canadian prostitution laws have evolved fromRead MoreAdvantages of Legalizing Prostitution1749 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is known as the oldest profession and has been around for millenniums, dating back to Roman, Byzantine, Greek and Egyptian empires (Baldwin, 2004). The ancient cultures of those empires dealt with the needs of the group and consequently developed protocols for dealing with sexual relations that have propagated throughout time to the modern era. As a result, prostitution is prominent in society today. When analyzing the sex trade, the factors of cultural precedence, philoso phy, religionRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?958 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is a topic with a lot of controversy. The reason is because it mixes with other themes such as feminism, violence against women, racism, poverty, gender, women’s inequality, trafficking of women, employment, and many more (Armstrong, 1990). Essentially, the topic of prostitution is so extensive and diverse that even until this day, the issue has caused uproar of concerns in all realms of society, in all nations. Yet, if a focus had to be drawn on this examination with prostitutionRead MoreThe Canadian Justice System1714 Words   |  7 Pagesand its name is prostitution The 4th of November 2014 is a day that will be remembered as the most notorious day in the history of the Canadian Justice System. On November 4th 2014, the most controversial prostitution bill â€Å"Protection of Community and Endangered Persons Act†, also known as C-36 was passed in the Supreme Court of Ca nada. According to this law, the ‘sale of sex’ has to be regarded as a legal act. However, the law did not include several other aspects of the prostitution trade. The saleRead MoreWhy Prostitution Should Be Legal1462 Words   |  6 PagesWhy should prostitution be legal? Can anybody tell me what is considered to be the worlds most ancient profession? (doesnt require education, mostly involves women) Some researchers confirm that prostitution is indeed the most ancient profession, while others argue with it; however, everybody agrees that trading sex for money has existed for quite a while. According to Wikipedia, prostitution began in the 21st century BC in Near East, most likely as a religious custom, and was practiced by Greeks

Dante s Divine Comedy An Allegory Representative Of The...

Often, we cannot see the good in something until we’ve experienced the bad. Dante Aghileri, a poet who stars in his Divine Comedy as a pilgrim, finds himself lost in a dark wood. Though he sees a safe path to the light and out of the wood, he is forced to take an alternate route through an even darker place. The Divine Comedy is an allegory representative of the Christian soul. As the ending is bright and hopeful for Dante, Aghileri spreads that the ending for even the most sinful Christians can be as hopeful as dante’s, provided that they take the steps needed to achieve salvation. Thus, Dante the pilgrim goes to hell to better understand the nature of sin and its consequences in order to move closer to salvation, his journey an representing that of the repenting Christian soul. Before Virgil arrives to guide Dante on his journey, Dante shares that he doesn’t recall how he lost his way. He tells â€Å"How I entered [the dark wood] I cannot truly say, I had beco me so sleepy at the moment when I first strayed, leaving the path of truth† (Inferno I.10-12). Because he strayed from the path of truth, Dante finds himself lost and trying to find his way back to the straight path, for ultimately he desires to free himself from the dark wood of confusion and chaos. Looking up, Dante sees the light, â€Å"[seeing] the hilltop shawled in morning rays of light sent from the planet that leads men straight ahead on every road† (Inferno I.16-18). Dante begins to move towards the light and isShow MoreRelatedDante Alighieri : An Italian Poet1552 Words   |  7 PagesDante Alighieri was an Italian poet, originally from Florence experienced economic, political and religious disruption that reflected the town’s struggles. Hardship that he encountered, being the death of his mother, his wife Beatrice until his death in exile. Dante took his pain and suffering and turned it into his inspiration for his poetry. The Blacks seized control of Florence and in 1302 Dante and others were exiled. It was during Dante s exile he faced hardship and was forced to discontinueRead MoreDante And The Nature Of Sin967 Words   |  4 Pages Dante and the Nature of Sin Often, we cannot see the good until we have experienced the bad. Dante Alighieri, a poet who makes himself the main character in his Divine Comedy, finds himself lost in a dark wood at the start of The Inferno. Though he sees a safe path out of the wood towards an alluring light, he is forced to take an alternate route through an even darker place. As the ending of the pilgrim Dante’s voyage is bright and hopeful, Alighieri the poet aims to encourage even the most sinful

Internet And Culture Free Essays

Discoveries and innovations in technology have directly and indirectly brought about profound changes in most basic institutions, social groups, worldviews and human values, ethical issues, the character of everyday life, and ways and means of satisfying human needs and international relations in modern society. Yet, the technological element which could be said that has deeply penetrated both the developed and developing nations of the world is the internet, bringing with it changes towards a more fluid flow of different cultures. The accessibility of the internet enables the differences and complexities mongo cultures to be presented to the world and be understood. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet And Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now If long ago, traditions of some ethnic minorities and far-flung societies were unknown, people nowadays could have a glimpse of what is happening at the other side Of the globe. This proliferation Of information and knowledge is one of the benefits of the internet phenomenon since people are no longer ignorant of the intricacies among cultures. Moreover, biases and prejudice are reduced because people can have the chance to comprehend the rationales behind some traditions and rituals that they might find strange and disturbing. Other than this, the internet also made way for the fusion of cultures as one internet user may acquire the habits, literature, and entertainment of other countries. Transferring of cultures is not actually rare in mankind’s history. A civilization adapts to the culture of its predecessor, and a group of people borrows some elements from another race, at the same, combining it with their existing culture. The Romans had done this with the Hellenic culture, and colonized countries gained the influences from their colonial masters while retaining their indigenous culture. Hence, it is not only technological knowledge itself that is being transferred and exchanged in the internet but also cultures, traditions, and ideas. In line with this is the advent of popular culture that seems to transgress every culture and race in the world. Popular culture is a micro-culture that exists within the spheres of the World Wide Web. It is no question that popular music, movies, fashion and literature are consumed more by the youth than any other age group. The young people appear to agree on what is â€Å"in†, who is to follow and what will be the next â€Å"it† thing. Moreover, Hough culture has long been thought as heterogeneous, encompassing various races and groups, the internet made the world to look like just one big community of people hooked on the wires of social en;irking, files sharing and online gaming. There has indeed emerged a new culture entirely different from the previous cultures created before the invention of the internet. The World Wide is actually a huge community, bigger than any other existing or past communities in human history, which has developed its own culture, language and identities. Only entities would understand what â€Å"101† means, how to â€Å"tweet’, or what makes Faceable so popular. Furthermore, the internet community acquired a voice that is able to spread information and news so quick that a world leader would resign from just a clamor from the internet users. However, as much as the internet culture has become a good vehicle for change, it has also become a mode for destroying one’s life by just one click. No other culture could be as unforgiving and as offensive as the culture in the internet. Internet culture also does not respect privacy and intellectual property. Music and videos are illegally downloaded and private pictures loud be shared to almost anyone. Actions allowed by technology precipitate conflicts in values, yet these values seem to be disregarded on the internet, whatever culture one may belong. Technology, specifically the internet, has contributed largely not only to the shaping of the world in which we live but also to the modification, creation and transfer of cultures. Its influences and impacts are all pervasive. Therefore, the intimacy with and the dependence on this technology in our lifestyles and culture are expected to become stronger in the future. How to cite Internet And Culture, Papers

The Role Of Love In Romeo And free essay sample

Juliet Essay, Research Paper The modern literature community recognizes Shakespeare as one of the most superb heads in the history of dramatic theater. His odd ability to stand for human behaviour and emotion makes the love in Romeo and Juliet the drive force behind the drama # 8217 ; s success. Shakespeare incorporated many different types of love in order to capture the Black Marias of the Elizabeth Era.Juliet # 8217 ; s nurse shows astonishing concern for the immature miss # 8217 ; s good being. She, in some ways, takes the topographic point of her natural female parent ( # 8221 ; Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet # 8221 ; ) . Lady Capulet treated Juliet as a sodium? ve immature miss with no cognition and feelings of her ain. Nurse recognized the adulthood of Juliet and helped to do her truly content. During the full traumatic experience of set uping a matrimony between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, the nurse aided the two immature lovers in their quest to be together. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role Of Love In Romeo And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She acts as a courier from Romeo, Juliet, and the mendicant ( # 8221 ; Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet # 8221 ; ) . Despite the nurse # 8217 ; s attempts the programs go array because of the ordered matrimony between Juliet and Paris. At this clip, the nurse shows her love for Juliet one time once more. She goes to Juliet # 8217 ; s defence and stands up to Lord Capulet by stating: # 8220 ; God in heaven bless her! / You are to fault, my Godhead, to rate her so. # 8221 ; ( Act III, Scene 5, Line169-170 ) . One is easy able to see the maternally attention the nurse shows for Juliet in Romeo and Juliet.The opposite number to the love nurse shows for Juliet as a # 8220 ; mother # 8221 ; is the fatherlike love the Friar gives to Romeo. The prince exiles Romeo because of his slaying of Tybalt. This leaves the immature adult male entirely and scared of his hereafter. The lone individual available to help Romeo in his agonies is the Friar. He tells the fleeting # 8220 ; Arise , one knocks/ Good Romeo, conceal thyself # 8221 ; ( Act III, Scene 3, Line 71 ) . This shows that Friar puts himself at hazard in order to do certain no injury comes to Romeo He provides penetration to the state of affairs at manus and helps Romeo to see the following class of action. Another illustration of fatherlike love was shown through Lord Capulet to Juliet. He saw that his girl was in great heartache over the decease of Tybalt and the expatriate of her love Romeo. He fondly tries to ease her compunction by happening a hubby for Juliet. He presents the agreement in an effort to buoy up the liquors of his girl: # 8221 ; Soft! Take me with you, take me with you, wife/ How? Will She none? Doth she non give me thanks? / Is she non proud? Doth she non number her blest/ Unworthy as she is, that we have wrought/ So worthy a gentlemen to her bride? # 8221 ; ( Act III, Scene 5, Line 142-146 ) . However, his program blowbacks and worsens the state of affairs. Juliet rejects his pro posal, which send Lord Capulet on a violent disorder. I believe that he cared profoundly for his girl. The ground for his choler and tantrum was a mere instance of defeat. He had tried his best to assist his girl, and the effort had failed. Capulet felt helpless as his girl slipped further and further into depression. He thought that if she would give the matrimony a opportunity, Juliet would happen true felicity. Obviously he did non cognize the true motivation behind Juliet # 8217 ; s rejection, or he might hold halted his efforts.The love of a female parent and male parent figure is necessary for a character to mature. However, the character can non be to the full sound without input from a equal place. Benvolio provides this penetration for Romeo. He tries to ground with the love-sicken Romeo after losing Rosaline. He is the 1 to convert Romeo to travel to the C apulet ball in order to run into a lady more beautiful than Rosaline ( †Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet† ) . Benvolio allows Romeo to come on with his life alternatively of wallowing in his self-pity. He strengthened Romeo’s character and gave him a more experient mentality on love. Romeo besides displayed friendly love throughout the drama. The first case of this is when he tries to forestall a battle between Mercutio and Tybalt ( pg. 652, Line 83 ) . Romeo tries to ground with Mercutio, stating him â€Å"Gentle Mercutio, put thy tuck up† ( Act III, Scene 1, Line 83 ) , nevertheless, does non mind to the warnings and therefore arrives upon and early decease. The love Romeo showed for his friend does non stop at his decease. The immature, courageous adult male rushes off to revenge the decease of Mercutio. He starts a conflict with Tybalt in order to take retribution on his Mercutio’s life: †Alive in victory, and Mercutio murder? / Away to heaven several lenience, and fire-eyed rage be my behavior now! / Now, Tybalt, take the â€Å"villain† back once more that late though gavest me ; for Mercutio’s psyche I but a small manner above our heads/ Staying for thine to maintain him company/ Either 1000 or I, or both, must travel with him† ( Act III, Scene 1, Line 121-129 ) Without the ever-present love among the equals of the characters in Romeo and Juliet, the secret plan would hold neer developed into such an luring storyline.Perhaps all these illustrations of love have let up to one inevitable type of love. The love that changes a person’s psyche and captures the Black Marias of all who hear the narrative ( †Theme 1- Love† ) . Obviously the love described is the true love that is the driving force behind this great Shakespearian calamity. Romeo and Juliet show their deathless love clip and clip once more throughout the drama. Their love was recognized, foremost, on the ill-famed bal cony scene. Romeo sneaks to Juliet’s window, and they profess their love for one another ( Act II, Scene 2 ) . This scene ab initio gives the reader a construct of how the two feel towards each other. This duologue would non be plenty to stand for the astonishing love the twosome felt. The words must be accompanied by actions. The first act was Juliet imbibing the kiping potion, â€Å"Romeo, Romeo, Romeo, I drink to thee† ( Act IV, Scene 4, Line 58 ) . This took a great trade of motive in order to drive Juliet to such extremes to be with her lover. Her hurting bosom provided this motive. Romeo finds his love lying motionless in the grave. Now it is clip for him to turn out his love for Juliet, as she has done for him. Romeo finds a deathly toxicant and returns to take his life with this drink. As he dies, he says â€Å"thus with a buss I die† ( Act V, Scene 3, Line 120 ) . Juliet rapidly awakens to happen her love that she risked her life for to be dead. Her psy che possibly overwhelms her common sense. She draws a blade and takes her ain life beside her fallen husband.Love is the most of import facet of Romeo and Juliet ( †Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet† ) . Shakespeare’s apprehension of this emotion allowed him to put the tone for many romantic and tragic dramatists to follow. His impact on our universe can neer be measured, but the drama Romeo and Juliet was, no uncertainty, a radical drama in the history of literature.SOURCES†Theme 1- Love.† Romeo and Juliet. Thinkquest. Accessed: 4/00. hypertext transfer protocol: //library.thinkquest.org/19539/randj.htm # taeBaird, Robert. â€Å"William Shakespeare.† Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1993-1996.†Examples of Love in Romeo and Juliet.† Planet Papers. Accessed: 5/00. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.planetpapers.com/count.cgi? ID=1118. 350

New School free essay sample

Ardrey Kell. Those two words, synonymous with new school,O made my stomach turn. Switching schools, in the middle of high school, was a nightmare. But in one of the nationOs fastest growing cities, Charlotte, North Carolina, I had no choice. New schools were being hastily scraped together everywhere, and I was re-zoned to a new school. After two years of establishing my leadership and participation roles at Providence High School, I would have to make new friends, meet new teachers, and, worst of all, join new clubs and activities at Ardrey Kell. Suffice to say, I was not too thrilled at the prospect of changing schools. I had learned to love my old school. I loved everything about it, from the black and gold school colors to the panther mascot. And I was trading in all my school pride for a purple knight, the trademark of my new high school. We will write a custom essay sample on New School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I first walked into the front hall of Ardrey Kell on August 26, 2006, I looked at the garishly gleaming walls of clashing color palettes, took note of the countless suits of armor lined up against the walls, and I realized I had no hope. None at all. And rightly so. All the clubs and extracurricular activities that I had been involved in at Providence, such as Spanish Club, Key Club, and marching band, did not exist. All the leadership positions I had worked so hard to attain over the past two years meant nothing here, at my new purple prison. Frustrated, I moaned and groaned for about a week. Finally, it dawned on me. An epiphany of sorts, I realized that I had two choices: I could complain and ruin my last two years of high school, or I could embrace my new situation and try to enjoy my time at Ardrey Kell. I decided to choose the latter. I took the initiative and started talking to teachers and administrators about my ideas for the school. With the help of my Spanish teacher , I established the Ardrey Kell Spanish Club. I laid the groundwork for a club constitution, basing it loosely on the constitution of the club I had left behind at Providence. I worked with my club advisor and set up a tutoring program to help students who needed personal help learn the curriculum. I spoke to my band director, and he worked to help establish a marching bandO of sorts, a pep band to play at football games. I joined the Interclub Council, as a club representative, and helped Ardrey KellOs own mini-UN organization change school policies. At the same time, other students were embracing the new school and working to create more clubs and extracurricular activities. A Key Club was founded, as well as an Interact Club and a Mu Alpha Theta. Almost everything I had left behind at my old high school was replaced with a new, improved version at this new school. Suddenly, my purple prisonO did not seem quite as jail-like. By making my voice heard, I was able to establish progra ms that improved and expanded the school. I was able to effect change, a power I had never before held.

health care ethics essays

health care ethics essays Improving Access to Health Care for the Uninsured For decades, the American system of health care has relied primarily on employer-sponsored insurance programs as a gateway through which individuals access health care services. Gaps have been filled in through public insurance programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) and other more locally-based programs to cover elderly, disabled and certain low income populations who cannot access the employer-based market. In addition, the government (federal, state and local) provides certain limited subsidies (e.g., tax deductions for the self-employed) for individuals to purchase insurance policies in the private market on their own. While this system has worked effectively for many Americans, it has left behind a significant number approximately 42 million who lack any form of health insurance coverage. For these individuals, the country has developed an institutional health care safety net to ensure that they nevertheless receive access to needed care. This institutional safety net is comprised of the many hospitals, clinics and individual providers who serve all who seek their care without regard to ability to pay. Most of these providers receive some support for the uncompensated care they provide through various public programs (on the federal, state and local levels). America has long relied on this two-tiered approach to addressing the problem of the uninsured: expanding access to insurance coverage while providing financial support to safety net providers serving the uninsured. Some policymakers prefer to emphasize coverage over institutional support for providers, others might tip the balance in the other direction. But the two strategies are inexorably linked: if we do not expand insurance coverage we will need a strong system of safety net providers to serve the higher number of uni ...

Health Care Informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Informatics - Essay Example 2. Improve efficiency through faster transmission of results between physicians and departments. That means that if, for example, a patient has undergone lab tests, an MRI, a CT and a stress EKG, all the results should be readily accessible at the time that the doctor makes a therapeutic or diagnostic decision. 3. Improve billing cycles. This means getting the necessary information to the billing department in a form which can be submitted to an outside agency for reimbursement. Even in a heavy private-pay and HMO setting, such as this fictional clinic, it is important to have such an access. In a hospital which does, for example, $360 million in Medicare, Medicaid and third-party insurance billing per year, a 1-day saving in time from procedure to billing can shave $1 million off that hospital's accounts receivable (i.e. free up cash of $1 million for every day saved). 4. Make healthcare delivery more efficient and productive. Hospitals are in a service business, but are relatively people-intensive and unorganized. To the extent that a hospital can use computer tools to reduce staff per patient, staff per procedure, or staff per dollar of patient revenue, those computer tools help the hospital to be more efficient and productive. 5. Link to outside institutions which refer patients to our facility. Hospitals which value their high-margin operations, such as cardiology, oncology and orthopedics, depend on outside referral from primary care physicians and community hospitals. The better the connectivity between the referring doctor and this institution, the more likely that this hospital will receive those patients. Three strategic goals 1. To become the number one hospital in the region for patient referrals for tertiary care. That means that this hospital needs to establish, then maintain, a better outcomes record than other hospitals in the region. 2. To reach out to patients directly, in a way that involves the referring physician, but gives the patient the ability to help understand and direct his/her health care. 3. To use computing to supplant humans as the primary mode of communication. The longer-term goal is to eliminate paper, entice the health care professionals to use computer tools more thoroughly, and thereby to improve productivity. 2. Search the Internet for information about joint application design (JAD). Summarize the information you learned in the form of a memo to your supervisor outlining the use of JAD in the development of an RFP. Memo To: Mr. Supervisor Re: Relevance of applying Joint Application Design (JAD) to our implementation of new computer infrastructure. Dear ___, This memo covers the application of the tools of JAD to our specific situation at the Clinic. I believe that proper application of this technique will help us in developing a

Writer's choice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Writer's choice - Article Example s scheduled in which people engaged in different party activities such as listening to music and dancing, drinking, eating besides sharing stories among other amusements. All the expected people were in the scene besides everyone seeming to be in a party mood depicted from their facial expressions. This was a very amazing event to me because it was the first I witnessed besides that attracted many people including some from the neighboring community. Additionally, it had a programed unlike many other such ceremonies that I had ever attended before besides was followed to the latter. Through the entire process, I learned that people have their own way of doing things as well as doing different things from the normal you would get a dissimilar result. This is because most ceremonies that I had attended there before lacked good planning and in mostly resulted to vices such as fights and injuries. Whatever one encounters little experiences out of lecture, which he or she gets while in the university, counts much in his or her future life. This is because such experiences equip an individual with knowledge hard to earn or achieve in class work. Moreover, students ought to indulge in such activities provided they do not harm them because they are also part of

Sex Without Love by Sharon Olds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sex Without Love by Sharon Olds - Research Paper Example eciation of sex in modern society in its deliberate rejection of warm human to human relationships in favor of the clinical focus of professional athletes obsessed with their performance and physique. The style of the poem is deceptively naturalistic, with no rhymes or stanzas. Some key ideas are presented with alliteration, for example â€Å"wine, wet† (Olds, 1984, line 6) and â€Å"the purists, the pros† (Olds, 1984, line 14). Fourfold repetition of the phrase â€Å"come to the† in lines 9-10, into which the word â€Å"God† is placed, without any proper punctuation, breaks the flow of the otherwise unremarkable syntax, as if to suggest that the the act of making love is some kind of structural anomaly in another wise regular world. This is an example of the â€Å"proud, urgent, human voice† (Poetry Foundation, p. 1) of the poet at work. Some rather graphic bodily similes such as â€Å"faces/red as steak, wine, wet as the children at birth whose mothers are going to/give them away† (Olds, 1984, lines 5-8) break some cultural taboos such as cannibalism and the mothers who neglect their responsibilities. This is an example of what Lewallan calls â€Å"her penchant for imaging the bodies of others as meat, red and raw, as well as her penchant for metaphors of predation.† (Lewallan, 2006, p. 42) There are undertones of violence and neglect in this depiction which contradict prevailing cultural expectations. From all three of these critical perspectives, the sociological, the cultural and the stylistic, Olds presents a re-evaluation of one of the oldest poetic themes in the world: the relationship between love and sex and encourages the reader to view a new, and somewhat shocking paradigm. Lewallan, Walter E. â€Å"The signature poetics of Sharon Olds and John Cage.† Dissertation, University of Florida, 2006. Available online at:

Sociological theory of religion

Sociological theory of religion 1 Using examples critically assess one sociological theory of religion In most traditional societies, religion is an important form of social togetherness. It augments a feeling of community and promotes a set of shared values and beliefs in some form of god. Religion also plays a central role in cultural life; people often synthesize religious symbols and rituals into the material and artistic culture of the society: literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance.[1] It is the focus of the society that is of interest to religious sociologists, in particular theories concerning the way religious behaviour differs between and within societies. Beckford notes that theories revolving around how social interaction benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned area of study.[2] In order to establish a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociology of religion will be described in context. Furthermore, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological theoretical approach of functionalism by sociologists; a critical analysis will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and subsequent sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of moral beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a spiritual community[3]. Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies.[4] A classical view is that, it is a social science that, uses varied methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis,[5] and is often used to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion therefore takes into account the aforemention ed and also includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society.[6] Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science,[7] a type of sociology that would have enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been born during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this further: Positive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectualsSocial change need not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mob[8] Comte was able to make use of the new science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as being able to apply the positive method to social theory[9]. Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gave it, academic credibility and influence.[10] Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the nature of institutional relationships in society.[11] To understand this further, one can use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an example. Parsons, [who supported functionalism in the United States] used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems; economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory stressed the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. [12] In a similar way Durkheim In trying to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contribution to the operation of an overall system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiological functions, such as the reduction of fear and anxiety, and the satisfaction of desires.[13] Another English man Radcliffe-Brown contended that, all instituted practices ultimately contribute to the maintenance, and hence the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations.[14] It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now turn to. A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays particular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness.[15] Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the needs of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests.[16] He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the consolidation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a particular society.[17] He fully believed that individuals who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscie nce collective,[18] which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding.[19] Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion.[20] Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in primitive Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an integral part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. Therefore, totemism in this instance is explained not in terms of what it is, [what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are] but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system.[21] Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself,[22] which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity.[23] From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and profane, believing that all things in society can be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental dichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or worlds. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. However the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things may be profane at certain times, an example he gives is the case of the Azande[24], who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears.[25] This analysis of the sacred and the profane was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems.[26] He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society.[27] Furthermore he beli eved that order flowed from consensus, from the existence of shared norms and values,[28] for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop insatiable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction.[29] Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society; he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at least in tribal societies, they determined the character of family organization, politics, economy, and inter-group relations.[30] Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social status: their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he agreed with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski. Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands.[31] The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years.[32] In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that religion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity.[33] Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of security especially when people are faced with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a calm lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were always performed. In this way Malinowski b elieved humans could exert a perceived control over a world in which they held no significant, individual power.[34] This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. Often in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary; thereby giving them a sense of power. For Malinowski then, religion also helped to conciliate periods of life crises and events such as death, marriage and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together.[35] Coser (1977) explains further: Religion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religion as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society.[36] So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and cohesion, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of coping with and defusing them.[37] Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, instead he says that most conflicts [an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war] in society have religious foundations.[38] Marxist sociologists also criticise functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class.[39] Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides numerous examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Iraq dispute, Northern Ireland and Bosnia. An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by American sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the disguised worship of society. From this Bellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion.[40] Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (1983:44) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to integrate families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values.[41] A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of confirmation in the supernatural can be see n or heard on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the words In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. However Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, but a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a royal marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of joy or grief that in itself generates order. A contemporary example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief. Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and equilibrium in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change.[42] Bilton et al explain that this takes shape in the form of structural differentiationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a previously undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform.[43] Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes.[44] An example of a system change stems from The Indu strial Revolution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to make this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equilibrium. This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increasing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. [45] Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural diversity within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature; religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains, In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is today capable of providing a focus for mens wills.[46] Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and Western intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries, Comte announced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements.[47] Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions; in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience.[48] Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the verge of extinction. In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and patriotism take the place of church services. If traditional religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social cohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural frameworks that are more competitive and specialised, however they would still persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena.[49] A criticism applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities.[50] To imagine that a society is a living, breathing organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does; and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is alive in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a too positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely plausible for society to have dysfunctional elements.[51] Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime might not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in particular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can become mob-handed in the way people come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not.[52] Picturing society like a vast machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross between the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals.[53] One must take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies criticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could confirm or deny any findings. Radcliffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society.[54] One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attending a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would perhaps find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life; religion sets aside certain values and infuses them with special significance. Culture plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies adhere to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community. Today, societies are classed as more secular in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. People as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important today, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. However, in contemporary society sociologists have a different set of problems to contend with as belief in modern society and materialism for many becomes a more vital moral value than partaking in a religious practice . BIBLIOGRAPHY Beckford, James A. (2003) Social Theory and Religion, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Bilton et al, Introductory sociology 3rd Edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). Casanova, Jose, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995) Christiano, Kevin J., William Swatos Jr Peter Kivisto, Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments Lanham, 2nd edition (MD: Rowman Littlefield publishers, 2008). Comte, Auguste, A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott Gordon Marshall (eds), (Oxford: OUP, 2005). Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977), pp. 136-139, Coser, Lewis A. Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, 2nd Ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1977: 136-139, Dewar, Greg, Religious studies, Philosophy and Ethics, (London: Oxford University Press, 2002). Dillon, Michele, Handbook of the sociology of religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by, George Simpson. (New York: Free Press, 1893/1964). Durkheim, Emile, and Coser, Lewis A., The Division of Labor in Society. (Free Press, 1997) Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. Translated by, Joseph Ward Swain. (New York: Macmillan, 1915). E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of primitive religion, (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1965). Emile Durkheim, Sociology and philosophy (New York: free press, 1974). Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Social Anthropology and Other Essays. ( London,1950).Contains a critique of Radcliffe-Browns functionalism from the perspective of historicism. Fulcher, J. Scott, J. Sociology, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim, (London: Harper Collins, 1996). Goldschmidt Walter, Functionalism In Encyclopaedia of Cultural Anthropology, Vol 2. David Levinson and Melvin Ember, (eds) (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996), p. 510. Hamilton, M, The sociology of religion, 2nd edition (Oxon: Routledge, 2001). Hunt, S. Religion in Western Society, (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2002). Jones, Pip, Introducing Social Theory, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003). Jones, Robert Alun., Rules of the sociological method 1895, in Emile Durkheim: An Introduction to Four Major Works. (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986), pp. 60-81. Macionis, J. Plummer, K. Sociology: A Global Introduction (Essex: Pearson, 2005). Merton, Robert, Social Theory and Social Structure, (USA: Macmillan, 1968), chapter 3. Orenstein, Ashley D. DM, Sociological theory: Classical statements 6th edition (Boston: Pearson Education, 2005), pp.3-5: 32-36. Sociology Quarter, Durkheim as a functionalist, vol 16 no 3 (Summer, 1975), pp 36 -379. Thompson, Kenneth, (1982) Emile Durkheim, (Sussex: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1982). Winthrop, Robert H. 1991. Functionalism In Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 130. WEBLIOGRAPHY Functionalism, in Anthropology and Sociology The Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia. 2000-2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0819881.html (Accessed: 18.01.10). Functions OF religion learningat.ke7.org.uk/socialsciences/soc-sci/soc/a2/R. Accessed 14.1.10. CliffsNotes.com. Introduction to Religion. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26927.html. Accessed 10.1.10 Chris Livesey, Functionalist perspectives on Durkheim, www.sociology.org.uk Marjolin, Robert French sociology-Comte and Durkheim, University of Chicago press American journal of sociology, vol. 42, no 5 (Mar., 1937), pp693 -704. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2767763 (Accessed: 12.1.10.). Mark Glazer, Functionalism http://www.utpa.edu/faculty/mglazer/theory/functionalism.htm (Accessed: 13.12.09). Marske, Charles E, (1987) Durkheims Cult of the Individual and the Moral Reconstitution of Society, Sociological Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, (American Sociological Association, 1987), pp. 1-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/201987. Accessed: 17.01.10. The Azande, http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7829 (Accessed: 15/1/10). William J. Stevens, Religion: A Functionalist Assessment, http://www.helium.com/items841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment. (Acces

Impact of Warfare, Religion, and Social Stratification on City-Building

Impact of Warfare, Religion, and Social Stratification on City-Building In both ancient and contemporary human societies, one can witness the cultural creations of warfare, religion, and social stratification interacting to help form and perpetuate the existence of each other. In addition, these cultural factors have lent themselves to help produce, regulate, and justify specific technologies. These technologies may be either destructive or beneficial to human societies economically and/or environmentally, and can have a very wide range of function. Technologies can in turn influence warfare, religion, and social stratification so as to increase the importance of these aspects of culture in society. In this paper, I seek to explore the relationships between warfare, religion, and social stratification, and their important influences on city-building in ancient times and today. As early societies began to group together and form conglomerations of people that eventually became towns and cities, they discovered a ‘need’ for warfare in order to protect and expand their territories, resources, and populations. In the words of Ehrlich, it is important to remember that â€Å"(c)onnecting ‘genes for aggression’†¦to the actions of warring governments is a bit of a stretch, just as would be connecting genes for conciliations to the deployment of United Nations peacemakers (Ehrlich 260).† Basically, Ehrlich wants us to realize that there are no â€Å"war† or â€Å"peace† genes, but that cultural micro- and macro-evolutionary conditions (that is, societal or environmental conditions) may drive a group of people to be either warring or peaceful. With the development of warfare came the development of religion. A causative relationship is... ...a, especially slaves, would have been the people who would have physically labored to build the cities. In this way, social stratification played a major role in the rise of ancient Greek cities. In conclusion, the cultural components of warfare, religion, and social stratification have not only interacted to help create and perpetuate each other, but they have also heavily influenced technologies such as city-building in ancient Greece. Though the emphasis on the different factors changes with evolving cultural and environmental climates, they are still present to some degree in Western culture today. Works Cited Chant, Colin. Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. London: Routledge, 1999. Ehrlich, Paul. Human Natures. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2000 Southwick, Charles. Human Impacts on Planet Earth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian

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Free Essays on Townsend Act

The Townshend Act The Townshend Acts` repeal of the Stamp Act left Britain's financial problems unresolved. Parliament had not given up the right to tax the colonies and in 1767, at the urging of chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, it passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on lead, glass, tea, paint, and paper that Americans imported from Britain. In an effort to strengthen its own authority and the power of royal colonial officials, Parliament, at Townshend's request, also created the American Board of Customs Commissioners whose members would strictly enforce the Navigation Acts. Revenue raised by the new tariffs would be used to free royal officials from financial dependence on colonial assemblies, thus further encroaching on colonial autonomy. Once again the colonists protested vigorously. In December 1767,John Dickinson, a Philadelphia lawyer, published 12 popular essays that reiterated the colonists' denial of Parliament's right to tax them and warned of a conspiracy by a corrupt British ministry to enslave Americans. The Sons of Liberty organized protests against customs officials, merchants entered into nonimportation agreements, and the Daughters of Liberty advocated the nonconsumption of products, such as tea, taxed by the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts legislature sent the other colonies a circular letter condemning the Townshend Acts and calling for a united American resistance. British officials then ordered the dissolution of the Massachusetts General Court if it failed to withdraw its circular letter; the court refused, by a vote of 92 to 17, and was dismissed. The other colonial assemblies, initially reluctant to protest the acts, now defiantly signed the circular letter, outraged at British interference with a colonial legislature.In other ways, British actions again united American protest. The Board of Customs Commissioners extorted money from colonial merchants and use... Free Essays on Townsend Act Free Essays on Townsend Act The Townshend Act The Townshend Acts` repeal of the Stamp Act left Britain's financial problems unresolved. Parliament had not given up the right to tax the colonies and in 1767, at the urging of chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, it passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on lead, glass, tea, paint, and paper that Americans imported from Britain. In an effort to strengthen its own authority and the power of royal colonial officials, Parliament, at Townshend's request, also created the American Board of Customs Commissioners whose members would strictly enforce the Navigation Acts. Revenue raised by the new tariffs would be used to free royal officials from financial dependence on colonial assemblies, thus further encroaching on colonial autonomy. Once again the colonists protested vigorously. In December 1767,John Dickinson, a Philadelphia lawyer, published 12 popular essays that reiterated the colonists' denial of Parliament's right to tax them and warned of a conspiracy by a corrupt British ministry to enslave Americans. The Sons of Liberty organized protests against customs officials, merchants entered into nonimportation agreements, and the Daughters of Liberty advocated the nonconsumption of products, such as tea, taxed by the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts legislature sent the other colonies a circular letter condemning the Townshend Acts and calling for a united American resistance. British officials then ordered the dissolution of the Massachusetts General Court if it failed to withdraw its circular letter; the court refused, by a vote of 92 to 17, and was dismissed. The other colonial assemblies, initially reluctant to protest the acts, now defiantly signed the circular letter, outraged at British interference with a colonial legislature.In other ways, British actions again united American protest. The Board of Customs Commissioners extorted money from colonial merchants and use...

Query Boot Camp Vol. 2 Thrillers

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Nutritional protocol for hypothyroidism Research Paper

Nutritional protocol for hypothyroidism - Research Paper Example Based on reliable clinical studies and experience of the medical experts on the field, he or she points out the array of nutritional factors that may affect thyroid functions as to lead the readers in making informed choices in their pursuit for a problem-free thyroid and in the end live healthily. Pathology and Etiology The thyroid gland which is located in front of the neck, is the particular body part central to the study of hypothyroidism. However, some cases are due to the malfunctions in the pituitary gland or in the hypothalamus. The most common cause of hypothyroidism all over the world is iodine deficiency -- prevalent among impoverished nations. A number of women develop hypothyroidism after pregnancy, called postpartum thyroiditis (Lowrance 15). Other common causes include congenital or birth defects, radiation treatments targeted in the neck area which may damage the thyroid gland, radioactive iodine used in treating hyperactive thyroid and surgical operations on the thyr oid gland (Koumourou 53). Certain substances such as amiodarone, lithium, methimazole, propylthiouracil and ultimately excessive amounts of radiation precipitate hypothyroidism. People over 50 years old and mostly female have high-risk determinants to develop such disease (Pratt and Levy 22). Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are the hormones that account for the total thyroid hormones that flow in the bloodstream. These hormonal constituents maintain biological activities in the body that affect the metabolism of cells. When these processes are disrupted, then the anatomical regularities will also be disturbed that may lead to the following symptoms: sensitivity to cold, joint or muscle pain, fatigue and weakness, constipation, brittle hair or fingernails, pale and dry skin, weight gain, and depression. If left untreated, late manifestations such as thickening of the skin, thinning of bodily hair, slow speech, hoarseness, and decreased sense of taste and smell will occur (Fe nton 26-30). Myxedema coma, the most serious form of hypothyroidism though rare, can result in death for people who remain untreated. Dietary Restrictions Laboratory tests and medical examinations are required to know exactly what type of hormonal malfunctions or thyroid defects are suffered by the patient. Whether it is autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothalamic disease or just a severe case of iodine deficiency, diagnosis is needed in order to establish the most appropriate and efficacious nutritional protocol (Rubin 70). With the exception of certain conditions, the treatment of hypothyroidism necessitates a life-long medical attention and care. The commonest procedure focuses on hormonal replacement using Levothyroxime, however, clinical studies and experience show that the dietary intake of those with hypothyroidism is also a determining factor in the alleviation or in the worsening of the disorder (Hueston 1718). Because hypothyroidism slows down the metabolic process, knowledge o n what to eat and how to eat is pivotal for those who have the disease (Ain and Rosenthal 258). Goitrogens, or foods containing enzymes which catapults the growth of goiter, block the absorption of iodine in the thyroid gland and may disable thyroid functions, should be religiously avoided. Soya, cassava,

American Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

American Imperialism - Essay Example Adoption of Imperialism Nineteenth century marked the existence of imperialism in America. This policy was adopted because of the following reasons: America, having developed its infrastructure, sought to further amplify its reach. In doing so, they would need to implement this policy that would enable their products and services to be exchanged in a large group of countries in order to increase its economic and political capital (â€Å"American Imperialism,† n.d.). Nationalism became one of the reasons because as much as America wanted to grow, they also sought to protect its overseas territories--especially the existing territories. In doing so, America did acquire the flags of Alaska, the Alleutian Islands, Midway Island, Hawaii, Guam, and Samoa, thus, extending the perimeter of America. Another reason was due to religious matters. There were missionaries who went after those inhabitants and taught them with some principles--convincing them that what they have is better. In 1850’s, missionaries landed at Hawaii to inculcate Christian beliefs to the inhabitants (â€Å"Reasons for U.S,† n.d.). Moreover, the American Imperialist sought to control trade circumstances in countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Panama, and Hawaii etc. In spite of many allegations as to the justification of this policy, the American imperialism was being rationalized because it took the form of direct military intervention, indirect manipulation over acquired countries, and overtaking local commerce. Major Events amidst Imperialism In the late 19th century, US carried out its imperialistic objectives to Cuba amidst the Spanish-American war. Cubans had the knowledge about the intentions of America even from the start. So, right after the war, the United Sates gained control over the areas of Havana with their flags raised and parading American troops. Economically and politically speaking, American imperialist had made changes, thus inundating Cuba; in fact, 80 per cent of Cuba’s economic base was centered and controlled on American capital. What was lost during the ‘reign’ of American policy was Cubans independence to control their economy and politics. Consequently, they were made to fight against Americans to claim their freedom back (â€Å"American Imperialism,† n.d.). Meanwhile, another major event was the intervention of American imperialism into the internal affairs of Columbia. The government of U.S eagerly wanted to penetrate the bounds of Panama. In doing so, they sought to obtain the permission of Columbia to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. But Americans was not successful in getting permission from Columbia because it doubted the desire and presence of Americans in the region. Subsequently, the administration of Roosevelt aided the Panamanians in a bid for independence from Columbia in 1977 just to achieve its goal. If it would be successful, the Panama Canal Zone (good way passageway bet ween Atlantic and Pacific oceans) would be leased to U.S for 99 years by the new Panamanian government. However, Imperialist continued to acquire political and economic powers from other nations such as Philippines and Hawaii. America did also maintain freedom and democracy in Puerto Rico by virtue of the Spanish American War. By then, Puerto Rico, without the involvement of America, would not be able to enjoy freedom and democracy. Americans shared the concept of democracy to the inhabitants of Puerto Rico